FUNCTIONAL AND FORMAL APPROACHES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SUBPHONEMIC LEVEL UNITS IN STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS

Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of the contribution to the phonological theory made by four schools of structural linguistics: (i) the Prague linguistic circle, the most important achievement of which was the creation by N. S. Trubetzkoy of a detailed and holistic teaching about the sound structure of language (phonology); (ii) the French school of functional linguistics, whose representative A. Martinet developed principles of diachronic phonology and procedure for identifying phonemes, between which a certain phonetic distance is necessary; (iii) The American linguistic school of L. Bloomfield and E. Sapir, from which two branches of American linguistics originate - descriptivism, the most important theoretical discovery of which was the doctrine of the hierarchy of language structure – from lower levels to higher ones, and generative linguistics by N. Chomsky and his followers, who, retaining the idea of hierarchy, changed its vector to the opposite – speech is generated from higher to lower levels; (іv) the Copenhagen glossematics, which defined the phoneme as a unit of the expression plane, which as an element of pure relations is manifested in sounds, but does not in itself contain anything physical, and for identification and delimitation of linguistic units commutation test is used. The activity of these four schools of structural linguistics has completed the creation of phonology.

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